Duricef

Duricef dosages: 500 mg, 250 mg
Duricef packs: 60 pills, 90 pills, 120 pills, 180 pills, 270 pills, 30 pills, 360 pills

Order 500 mg duricef visa

Sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescence and symptoms diarrhea buy duricef 250mg with amex, immunoblotting for the detection of intercellular antibodies in endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). Ultrastructural studies of acantholysis induced in vivo by passive transfer of IgG from endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). Immunopathologic characterization of the tissue response in endemic pemphigus foliaceus (fogo selvagem). Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for patients with pemphigus foliaceus unresponsive to conventional therapy. Superficial Dsg2 expression limits epidermal blister formation mediated by pemphigus foliaceus antibodies and exfoliative toxins. Vacuoles in the upper part of the epidermis as a clue to eventuation of superficial pemphigus and bullous impetigo. The distribution of immunoglobulins and the C3 component of complement in multiple biopsies from the uninvolved and perilesional skin in pemphigus. Complement and antibody deposition in Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus and correlation of disease activity with circulating antibodies. Pemphigus foliaceus associated with absence of intercellular antigens in lower layers of epidermis. Sensitivity of indirect immunofluorescence, substrate specificity, and immunoblotting in the diagnosis of pemphigus. Analysis of the reactivity of indirect, immunofluorescence in patients with pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris using rat bladder epithelium as a substrate. Criteria for diagnosing pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus by reflectance confocal microscopy. South American pemphigus foliaceus: Electron microscopy and immunoelectron localization of bound immunoglobulin in the skin and oral mucosa. Curvicircular intracytoplasmic membranous structures in keratinocytes of pemphigus foliaceus. Ultrastructure of acantholysis in pemphigus foliaceus re-examined from the current perspective. Ultrastructural binding site of pemphigus foliaceus autoantibodies: Comparison with pemphigus vulgaris.

Order discount duricef online

The prevalence of positive tests in the asymptomatic healthy population has generally ranged from approximately 3 to 10 percent medicine 773 duricef 250mg without prescription. In a prospective study of 2132 consecutive Spanish patients with venous thromboembolism, 4. As mentioned earlier, positivity for this assay has been correlated with positivity for a functional coagulation assay that measures resistance to annexin A5 anticoagulant activity. In a systematic literature review, 17 of 46 studies showed significant associations between antiprothrombin antibodies and thrombosis. Readers who are interested in the latest consensus recommendations on details of the procedures are directed to reference 257. Consequently, these patients are sometimes misdiagnosed as having multiple coagulation factor deficiencies. This problem can be handled by repeating the coagulation factor assays following dilution of the plasma samples; this usually results in complete or partial normalization of coagulation factor levels with progressive dilution. To ensure that prolongation of the clotting time is not a result of a factor deficiency, the procedure includes mixture of patient and control plasmas. Anticoagulant therapy with heparin, warfarin, or direct thrombin inhibitors can yield falsely abnormal test results. The textarin/ecarin test depends on the difference in phospholipid dependence of coagulation mechanisms triggered by two snake venoms: textarin, which activates prothrombin via a phospholipiddependent pathway, and ecarin, which activates prothrombin directly without phospholipid. In contrast to the lupus "anticoagulant" effect, this assay measures and reports a procoagulant effect for the antibodies. Occasional patients may have artifactually elevated antibodies from increased polyclonal immunoglobulin levels. Treatment with the combination of prednisone and heparin is associated with an increased risk of osteopenia and vertebral fractures. There are differences of opinion among experts regarding the approaches to treatment of patients with a single thrombotic event, patients with a history of thrombotic events in the distant past (>5 years), patients with stroke, and patients with thrombotic events that were associated with a provocative factor such as trauma, surgery, stasis, pregnancy, and estrogens. One major study concluded that there was no benefit for warfarin anticoagulation compared to aspirin therapy. Treatment should be started as soon as pregnancy is documented and continued until delivery so as to reduce the rate of late complications. Unfractionated heparin at the prophylactic dosage of 5000 U q12h subcutaneously should be started approximately 4 to 6 hours after delivery, if significant bleeding has ceased, and continued at least until the patient is fully ambulatory. Many physicians recommend continuing prophylactic therapy for 6 weeks after delivery even if the patients have not experienced thrombosis. For patients who experienced thromboembolism, prophylaxis by heparin or oral anticoagulant therapy is warranted for at least 6 weeks after delivery. This study, however, was limited given the small number of patients studied and short followup.

Buy duricef 250mg with visa

Any hemorrhage in a patient with hemophilia A may become major treatment ulcer purchase duricef 250mg, but the following hemorrhages are common and frequently life-threatening: retropharyngeal, retroperitoneal, and central nervous system bleeding, whether subdural, subarachnoid, or into the brain parenchyma. Near-normal levels should be maintained until bleeding ceases and the hematoma begins to resolve. For retroperitoneal hemorrhage, early treatment is required, and therapy should be continued for 7 to 10 days; otherwise, bleeding may recur upon resumption of activity. Evacuation of subdural hematomas and surgical removal of hematomas involving the brain parenchyma can be performed, depending upon location. Despite aggressive replacement therapy, however, mortality from central nervous system bleeding is high. In general, cautery should be avoided because bleeding may restart when the cauterized area is sloughed. Treatment can be started a few hours before surgery and continued intraoperatively using a continuous infusion or boluses every 8 to 12 hours. The training of patients and their families for home therapy is best accomplished in a regional comprehensive hemophilia diagnostic and treatment center or an affiliate of one of these centers. Patients are given an adequate quantity of factor concentrates and the supplies required for intravenous administration. Prompt treatment of hemarthroses and hematomas made possible by home therapy has markedly improved the morbidity and mortality associated with hemophilia. In addition, the quality of life of hemophilia A patients has improved dramatically. Such therapy is now the treatment of choice for all severely affected hemophilia patients (unfortunately, such treatment is not available or affordable for all patients). Central venous catheters may be required sometimes for very young children; however, they are associated with a risk of infections and thrombosis. However, use of replacement therapy has not been without significant complications. In the white population the estimated prevalence is approximately 13 percent, compared to 27 percent and 25 percent in the black and Hispanic population, respectively. Fortunately, inhibitors disappeared from affected patients when use of the product was stopped. They arise most frequently in severely affected patients, following treatment at an early age. Chapter 123: Hemophilia A and Hemophilia B 2125 laboratory diagnosis is required for confirmation. A common assay used for inhibitor detection and quantification is the Bethesda assay. This method has shown to be more dependable at detecting low concentration of inhibitors.

Generic duricef 250mg buy line

A clinical and histologic study of 37 cases of immunoglobulin A-associated vasculitis symptoms 4dp3dt order duricef no prescription. Onset of cutaneous vasculitis and exacerbation of, IgA nephropathy after Bartonella henselae infection. Cutaneous vasculitis update: Neutrophilic muscular vessel and eosinophilic, granulomatous, and lymphocytic vasculitis syndromes. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with peripheral circulatory insufficiency and cutaneous microthrombi. Association of cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis and deep vein thrombosis in hypereosinophilic syndrome. An unusual cause of vascular purpura: Recurrent cutaneous eosinophilic necrotizing vasculitis. Successful treatment with tacrolimus in a case of the glucocorticoid-dependent recurrent cutaneous eosinophilic vasculitis. A case of recurrent cutaneous eosinophilic vasculitis: Successful adjuvant therapy with suplatast tosilate. Clinical and histopathological spectrum of cutaneous vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Minocycline treatment for leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Cryofibrinogenaemia with vasculitis: A new overlap syndrome causing severe leg ulcers and digital necrosis in rheumatoid arthritis Rituximab therapy for systemic vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the Autoimmunity and Rituximab Registry. Successful treatment with humanized antiinterleukin 6 receptor antibody for multidrug-refractory and anti-tumour necrosis factor-resistant systemic rheumatoid vasculitis. Prolonged urticaria with purpura: the spectrum of clinical and histopathologic features in a prospective series of 22 patients exhibiting the clinical features of urticarial vasculitis. Hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis:, Successful treatment with cyclophosphamide-dexamethasone pulse therapy. Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis: A rare presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis: Report of a 12-year-old girl with systemic lupus erythematosus. Urticarial vasculitis caused by hepatitis C virus infection: Response to interferon alfa therapy.

Diseases

• Salla disease
• GAPO syndrome
• Skin peeling syndrome
• Pulmonic stenosis with Caf? au lait spot
• Neural tube defects X linked
• Chromosome 13 ring
• Mucopolysaccharidosis type I Scheie syndrome

Purchase duricef 500mg visa

Negative results of patch testing with standard and textile series in a case of annular lichenoid dermatitis of youth treatment centers for alcoholism generic 500mg duricef with visa. Linear lichen planus in the region of the mandibular nerve caused by an allergy to palladium in dental metals. Successive linear, generalized, and oral lichen planus in a patient with chronic hepatitis C infection. Oral erosive lichen planus with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis during interferon alfa-2b therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. The vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome of lichen planus: the clinical characteristics of 22 patients. Extensive ulcerative and erosive lichenoid dermatosis in a patient with malignant lymphoma. Erosive lichen planus of the vulva: Weak circulating basement membrane zone antibodies are present. Management of erosive lichen planus with topical tacrolimus and recurrence secondary to metoprolol. A randomized double-blind, positive-control trial of topical thalidomide in erosive lichen planus. The basement membrane zone and dermal extracellular matrix in erosive lichen planus of the vulva: An immunohistochemical study demonstrating altered expression of hemidesmosome components and anchoring fibrils. The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus: A study of 723 patients. Lichen planus and hepatitis C virus: A multicentre study of patients with oral lesions and a systematic review. The role of histopathological characteristics in distinguishing amalgam-associated oral lichenoid reactions and oral lichen planus. Periorbital hyperpigmentation mimicking fixed drug eruption: A rare presentation of erythema dyschromicum perstans in a paediatric patient. Involvement of cell adhesion and activation molecules in the pathogenesis of erythema dyschromicum perstans (Ashy dermatitis). Circumscribed dermal melaninoses:, Classification, light, histochemical, and electron microscopic studies on three patients with the erythema dyschromicum perstans type. Ashy dermatosis and lichen planus pigmentosus: A clinicopathologic study of 31 cases.

Purchase duricef 250mg on-line

Activated protein C resistance and anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with venous leg ulcers treatment goals for anxiety duricef 500mg buy mastercard. Elevated anti-annexin V antibody levels in antiphospholipid syndrome and their involvement in antiphospholipid antibody specificities. Spectrum of vascular pathology affecting patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome. Resistance to activated protein C due to factor V Leiden mutation: High prevalence in patients with post-thrombotic leg ulcers. Abdominal nodules as a presentation of obstruction of the inferior vena cava and factor V Leiden mutation. Coagulation factor V gene mutation associated with activated protein C resistance leading to recurrent thrombosis, leg ulcers, and lymphedema: Successful treatment with intermittent compression. Activated protein C resistance caused by factor V gene mutation: Common coagulation defect in chronic venous leg ulcers The prevalence of factor V Leiden mutation in patients with leg ulcers and venous insufficiency. Phenylephrine-induced microvascular occlusion syndrome in a patient with a heterozygous factor V Leiden mutation. Recurrent leg ulcers in a young man with hyperhomocysteinemia, factor V Leiden and impaired fibrinolysis. Leg ulcers associated with factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A and methyltetrahydrofolate reductase mutations: Successful treatment with warfarin. Increased incidence of hypercoagulability in patients with leg ulcers caused by leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Generalized racemose livedo with cerebrovascular lesions (Sneddon syndrome): An occlusive arteriolopathy due to proliferation and migration of medial smooth muscle cells. The mystery of Sneddon syndrome: Relationship with antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Cutaneous microthrombi: A histologic clue to , the diagnosis of hypereosinophilic syndrome. Uremic small-artery disease with medial calcification and intimal hyperplasia (so-called calciphylaxis): A complication of chronic renal failure and benefit from parathyroidectomy. Clinical evaluation of protein C: A comparative review of antigenic and functional assays. Livedo reticularis associated with hereditary protein C deficiency and recurrent thromboembolism. Secondary cryofibrinogenaemia due to bronchial adenocarcinoma presenting as cutaneous necrosis. The histopathologic spectrum of cryofibrinogenemia in four anatomic sites: Skin, lung, muscle, and kidney.

Order duricef 250 mg with visa

There may be a vague resemblance to a superficial squamous cell carcinoma medications zithromax purchase 500 mg duricef free shipping, particularly on shave biopsy. Other epidermal changes include hyperkeratosis, keratotic follicular plugging, and some atrophy of the malpighian layer. Atypical lymphocytes, mimicking mycosis fungoides, have been reported in one case. Depigmentation and other cosmetic concerns of the patient should also be addressed. The most common causes of death are renal failure and vascular lesions of the central nervous system. Cutaneouslesions take the form of erythematous, slightly indurated patches with only a little scale. They are found in more than 50% of cases, and the titer may be used to monitor the progress of treatment. Their presence appears to correlate with the finding of cytoplasmic deposits of immunoglobulin in epidermal keratinocytes. A review also lists allopurinol, captopril, clonidine, danazol, ethosuximide, griseofulvin, lithium, lovastatin, mesalazine, methyldopa, penicillin, piroxicam, primidone, propylthiouracil, streptomycin, thiamazole, trimethadione, and valproate. Finally, the occurrence of both systemic and subacute lupus erythematosus in association with cancer, albeit rarely, raises the possibility of a paraneoplastic association. Cutaneous lesions are usually treated in the same way that skin lesions in the subacute form are managed. Edema, small hemorrhages, and a mild infiltrate of inflammatory cells, principally lymphocytes, are present in the upper dermis. They include telangiectasia, endothelial cell necrosis, and luminal deposits of fibrin. In chilblainlupus, a lichenoid (vacuolar interface) reaction overlies a lymphocytic vasculitis involving both superficial and deep plexuses. In mucosallupus, which affects predominantly the lips and buccal mucosa, a lichenoid mucositis with a band-like and deeper perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes and some plasma cells is present. Involved skin is positive in almost 100% of cases, whereas uninvolved skin from sun-exposed areas is positive in approximately 90% of cases. Differential diagnosis A major consideration in the differential diagnosis of forms of lupus erythematosus with interface change is lichenplanus. Lesions of lichen planopilaris, particularly in scalp biopsies, can be problematic because they may display follicular plugging, a dense perifollicular infiltrate, and, in later stages, marked thinning of lateral follicular walls.

250mg duricef mastercard

Prothrombin 20210G>A is an ancestral prothrombotic mutation that occurred in whites approximately 24 treatment for 6mm kidney stone 250mg duricef buy,000 years ago. Paradoxical venous limb gangrene complicating oral anticoagulation in a patient with cancer-associated deep venous thrombosis. Bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis occurring at sites distant from subcutaneous injections of heparin: Three cases. Delayed cutaneous reactions to heparin in antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy. Warfarin-induced penile necrosis in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Widespread skin necrosis associated with unfractionated heparin therapy in a patient with chronic coumarin anticoagulation. Low-molecular-weight heparin-induced skin necrosis: A potential association with pre-existent hypercoagulable states. Atrophie blanche: A disorder associated with defective release of tissue plasminogen activator. Fibrinolytic abnormalities in two different cutaneous manifestations of venous disease. Livedo (livedoid) vasculitis and the factor V Leiden mutation: Additional evidence for abnormal coagulation. Ulcerations caused by livedoid vasculopathy associated with, a prothrombotic state: Response to warfarin. Livedoid vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity (4G/4G) treated successfully with tissue plasminogen activator. Hegemann B, Helmbold P Livedoid vasculitis with ulcerations: the role of antithrombin. Livedo vasculopathy associated with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T homozygosity. Therapeutic effect of lipoprostaglandin E1 on livedoid vasculitis associated with essential cryoglobulinaemia. Familial atrophie blanche-like lesions with subcutaneous fibrinoid vasculitis: the Georgian ulcers. Pulsed intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in livedoid vasculitis: An open trial evaluating 9 consecutive patients. Livedoid vasculopathy: Long-term follow-up results following hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Livedo vasculitis (the vasculitis of atrophie blanche): Immunohistopathologic study. Transient epidermal necrosis associated, with disseminated intravascular coagulation in a patient with urticaria.

Faesul, 63 years: Various tissues, substances, or organisms can be eliminated from the dermis in this way, including elastic fibers, collagen, erythrocytes, amyloid, calcium salts, bone, foreign material, inflammatory cells and debris, fungi, and mucin. Bullous pemphigoid associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome: Simultaneous response to imatinib. Exuberant granulation tissue associated with chronic graft-versus-host disease after transplantation of peripheral blood progenitor cells. Porokeratosis in the elderly: A new subtype of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis.

Flint, 53 years: Thrombin, a potent platelet agonist, further fuels the platelet activation process described in the previous section. The mutations are distributed throughout the gene, and most are missense mutations (62. Violi F, Basili S, Raparelli V, et al: Patients with liver cirrhosis suffer from primary haemostatic defects This is followed by the formation of spongiotic vesicles at different horizontal and vertical levels of the epidermis.

Kliff, 35 years: If timely vaccination is not possible or the available vaccine does not cover prevalent strains, then antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered. The platelet count rarely drops to levels thought to contribute to clinical bleeding. Usuda H, Emura I, Naito M: Crystal globulin-induced vasculopathy accompanying ischemic intestinal lesions of a patient with myeloma. Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E, et al: From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: A call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: Part I.

Baldar, 22 years: Periorbital hyperpigmentation mimicking fixed drug eruption: A rare presentation of erythema dyschromicum perstans in a paediatric patient. Histopathology2483 the cancer-related bullae with gyrate lesions are usually subepidermal in location, and the inflammatory cell infiltrate in the dermis is mild and of mixed type. Linear IgA disease: the IgA and IgG response to the epidermal antigens demonstrates that intermolecular epitope spreading is associated with IgA rather than IgG antibodies, and is more common in adults. Pityriasis lichenoides acuta at times can closely mimic erythema multiforme microscopically, but usually there is a greater degree of parakeratosis and exocytosis of inflammatory cells in the former, and the dermal infiltrate may be more wedge-shaped and show evidence for lymphocytic vasculitis.

Yugul, 59 years: Lichen planus pemphigoides: Case report and results of immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopic study. Pathogenesis Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a heterogeneous group of diseases that share the same clinical phenotype. Skin lesions include a scaly erythematous rash in sunexposed areas, sometimes with blistering, followed by hyperpigmentation and epithelial desquamation (see p. Heterogeneous bullous pemphigoid antibodies:, Detection and characterization by immunoblotting when absent by indirect immunofluorescence.

Bozep, 64 years: Chronic bullous disease of childhood following Epstein­Barr virus seroconversion: A case report. Most of the reported cases have resulted from contact with chemicals or metals, such as nickel or gold. Impaired endothelial vasodilation is noted with advanced aging,41 when the hands are exposed acutely to cold, and during mental stress. Pemphigus foliaceus associated with absence of intercellular antigens in lower layers of epidermis.

Samuel, 55 years: Because apoptosis, unlike necrosis, does not itself evoke an inflammatory response, it can be surmised that the infiltrate in those diseases with prominent apoptosis is of pathogenetic significance and not a secondary event. Significant differences in gene frequencies may be found in African and Asian populations. Human natural killer T cells infiltrate into the skin at elicitation sites of allergic contact dermatitis. Extensive vascular malformation may persist and cause pain, probably resulting from thrombosis, and bleeding following trauma, which is related to the localized or generalized consumption of clotting factors and platelets and hyperfibrinolysis.

Anktos, 54 years: Linear IgA bullous dermatosis v dermatitis herpetiformis: Quantitative measurements of dermoepidermal alterations. Concurrence of bullous pemphigoid and herpetiform pemphigus with IgG antibodies to desmogleins 1/3 and desmocollins 1­3. The course of eczema in children aged 5­7 years and its relation to atopy: Differences between boys and girls. Olmsted syndrome: Mutilating palmoplantar keratoderma with periorificial keratotic plaques.

Volkar, 33 years: Neutrophils may be a component of the inflammatory infiltrate, and abscesses form in some clinical subtypes. The infiltrate is often less dense and less band-like than in lichen planus itself. Schwartz M, Rochas M, Weller B, et al: High association of anticardiolipin antibodies with psychosis. A new histopathologic feature of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: Lymphoid nodules.

Achmed, 60 years: Transient weakened expression of target antigen also occurs in some cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Prandoni P, Bilora F, Marchiori A, et al: An association between atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis. Compression ultrasonography of the proximal veins performed at presentation (and, if normal, repeated once 5 to 7 days later) is a safe approach in symptomatic patients. Definition of bullous pemphigoid antibody binding to intracellular and extracellular antigen associated with hemidesmosomes.

Kent, 24 years: There is a close resemblance to psoriasis, but this was a solitary lesion on the leg of an elderly male with no history of psoriasis. If the platelet count does not increase to safe levels after 4 weeks of romiplostim treatment at the maximum dose, the drug should be discontinued. Like the major reaction patterns, each of the patterns to be considered here is diagnostic of a certain group of diseases of the skin. Systemic lupus erythematosus: A review of clinico-laboratory features and immunogenetic markers in 150 patients with emphasis on demographic subsets.

Trano, 27 years: Among the 247 case reports with evidence for a definite or probable causal relation of the drug to thrombocytopenia, 23 patients (9 percent) had major bleeding, including two patients who died of bleeding,430 and 68 patients (28 percent) had overt but minor bleeding; 96 patients (39 percent) had only purpura or trivial bleeding, and the remainder had no bleeding. Other drugs and treatment approaches have included erythromycin,2271 flucloxacillin,2272 colchicine,2273 mycophenolate mofetil, trimethoprim­sulfamethoxazole,2274 thalidomide,2275 and immunoadsorption. The detailed studies of Weyers and colleagues delineated the histological appearances of this entity. These include gene rearrangements; missense mutations, in which a single base substitution leads to an amino acid change in the molecule; nonsense mutations, which result in a stop codon; abnormal splicing of the gene; deletions of all or portions of the gene; and insertions of genetic elements.

Deckard, 37 years: Brines M, Grasso G, Fiordaliso F, et al: Erythropoietin mediates tissue protection through an erythropoietin and common beta-subunit heteroreceptor. Eosinophilic spongiosis: A clinical histological and immunofluorescent correlation. Severe complications, including death, can on rare occasions develop within a few minutes of initiating transfusion. Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme thought to cause lipid peroxidation in the intimal space and circulating levels are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in the setting of acute coronary syndromes and predictive of major adverse cardiovascular events.

Onatas, 58 years: Clinical and genetic studies of 3 large, consanguineous, Algerian families with mal de Meleda. There is some superficial resemblance of lesions of disseminated granuloma annulare to lichen nitidus (see p. During the first stage of liver transplantation, the removal of the diseased liver, no significant worsening of the preoperative hemostatic status occurs. Recommended methods for radioisotope platelet survival studies: By the panel on Diagnostic Application of Radioisotopes in Hematology, International Committee for Standardization in Hematology.

Jerek, 23 years: Erythema multiforme: Demonstration of immune complexes in the sera and skin lesions. Epidemiology of pemphigus in Sofia, Bulgaria: A 16-year retrospective study (1980­1995). The "A" knob in fibrin interacts with the constitutive complementary association site known as hole "a" in another molecule to initiate the fibrin assembly process. Note: the duration of the process and the underlying nature of the light reaction will influence the response.